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 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are standard treatments, interest in natural supplements as complementary or alternative interventions has grown. This review examines the current scientific literature on the effectiveness of various supplements in managing ADHD symptoms.
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1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for brain function. Studies suggest that children with ADHD have lower levels of omega-3s, which are crucial for neurotransmission and cognitive function.
  • A meta-analysis by Bloch and Qawasmi (2011) found that omega-3 supplementation led to modest improvements in ADHD symptoms, particularly inattention.
  • Another study by Chang et al. (2017) reported that high-EPA formulations were more effective than DHA-dominant ones in improving attention and reducing hyperactivity.
2. Zinc plays a role in dopamine metabolism, which is crucial for attention and impulse control.
  • A randomized controlled trial (RCT) by Akhondzadeh et al. (2004) showed that zinc sulfate supplementation significantly improved ADHD symptoms compared to a placebo.
  • Arnold et al. (2005) found that children with lower zinc levels exhibited more severe ADHD symptoms and benefited from zinc supplementation.
3. Magnesium is involved in neurotransmitter regulation and may help reduce hyperactivity and improve focus.
  • A study by Mousain-Bosc et al. (2006) demonstrated that magnesium and vitamin B6 supplementation improved hyperactivity and attention deficits in children with ADHD.
  • Another trial by Starobrat-Hermelin and Kozielec (1997) found that children with ADHD had lower magnesium levels and that supplementation led to behavioral improvements.
4. Iron is essential for dopamine synthesis, and deficiencies have been linked to ADHD symptoms.
  • Konofal et al. (2004) reported that children with ADHD had significantly lower ferritin levels and that iron supplementation improved symptoms, particularly attention.
  • Millichap et al. (2006) suggested that iron status should be assessed in children with ADHD, as supplementation can benefit those with deficiencies.
5. Vitamin B6 and B12 Vitamin B6 is necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis, including dopamine and serotonin, while B12 supports neurological function.
  • A study by Nogovitsina and Levitina (2006) found that vitamin B6 supplementation reduced hyperactivity and improved emotional regulation in children with ADHD.
  • Further research is needed to establish the role of B12 in ADHD symptom management.
6. L-TheanineL-Theanine, an amino acid found in green tea, has calming effects and may improve focus.
  • White et al. (2016) conducted a study showing that L-theanine improved sleep quality and reduced anxiety in children with ADHD.
  • Other studies suggest it may enhance cognitive performance when combined with caffeine.
7. Ginkgo Biloba and GinsengBoth Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been studied for their cognitive-enhancing properties.
  • A study by Niederhofer (2010) found that Ginkgo biloba supplementation led to slight improvements in ADHD symptoms.
  • Another RCT by Lyon et al. (2001) showed that Panax ginseng improved attention and behavioral symptoms in children with ADHD.
8. Rhodiola RoseaRhodiola Rosea is an adaptogen that reduces stress and fatigue, potentially benefiting individuals with ADHD.
  • Studies are limited, but preliminary research suggests it may help with mental energy and cognitive function.
9. Probiotics and Gut HealthEmerging research indicates a link between gut microbiota and ADHD symptoms.
  • A study by Pärtty et al. (2015) found that probiotic supplementation in infancy was associated with a lower incidence of ADHD in childhood.
  • Other research suggests that improving gut health may enhance neurotransmitter function and reduce ADHD-related behaviors.
Conclusion
​While natural supplements show promise as adjunct therapies for ADHD, their effectiveness varies. Omega-3s, zinc, magnesium, and iron have the most substantial evidence supporting their benefits. However, further large-scale, long-term studies are needed to establish definitive guidelines. Individuals considering supplementation should consult healthcare professionals to ensure safety and appropriateness based on individual needs.
​References
  • Akhondzadeh, S., Mohammadi, M. R., & Khademi, M. (2004). Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A double-blind and randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry, 4(9).
  • Arnold, L. E., DiSilvestro, R. A., Bozzolo, D., et al. (2005). Zinc for ADHD: A controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 58(8), 667-673.
  • Bloch, M. H., & Qawasmi, A. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with ADHD: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(10), 991-1000.
  • Chang, J. P., Su, K. P., Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C. M. (2017). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in youth with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 813-823.
  • Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Arnulf, I., & Mouren, M. C. (2004). Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(12), 1113-1115.
  • Mousain-Bosc, M., Roche, M., Rapin, J., & Bali, J. P. (2006). Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(6), 491-499.
  • Pärtty, A., Kalliomäki, M., Wacklin, P., et al. (2015). A possible link between early probiotic intervention and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in childhood: A randomized trial. Pediatric Research, 77(6), 823-828.